A pilot medical examination is a comprehensive assessment of physical and mental fitness, with the scope depending on whether the candidate is seeking a Class 1 (for commercial and airline transport pilots) or Class 2 (for private pilots) medical certificate. Both classes include vision and color perception tests (distance and near vision, depth perception, color discrimination, and visual field checks) and hearing evaluations, typically via audiometry and conversational assessments, to ensure pilots can interpret instruments, signals, and communications accurately. Class 1 medicals are more stringent, often requiring ECG testing to assess cardiovascular health, especially for applicants over a certain age or with risk factors, whereas Class 2 exams may only require ECG if clinically indicated. Both classes include blood and urine analysis to detect metabolic, endocrine, or systemic conditions, blood pressure and cardiovascular checks, and neurological evaluations to assess reflexes, motor coordination, and cognitive function. Additional assessments may include general physical exams, weight and BMI evaluation, and mental health screening. These tests collectively determine whether a pilot is physically and mentally capable of safely operating an aircraft, minimizing risks of sudden incapacitation or impaired performance, and ensuring compliance with aviation regulatory safety standards.